Michael Chekhov, a Russian-American actor, director, and author, developed an influential method of actor training that diverged significantly from his contemporaries’ more psychologically driven techniques. Chekhov focused on using psychological gesture, imagination, and archetypes as tools for actor training.
Key Components
Psychological Gesture
Chekhov’s technique involves the concept of Psychological Gesture, which employs physical movements to evoke emotional and psychological states in the actor. Through simple, expressive gestures, an actor can access the emotional truth of a character more directly than through intellectual analysis alone. The gesture serves as a physical embodiment of the character’s main driving force.
Imaginary Body
Chekhov believed that actors could create a second body—an “imaginary body”—that could be imbued with the qualities of the character they were playing. This enabled the actor to step into the role more fully without being inhibited by their own physical and psychological traits.
Radiating and Receiving
Chekhov introduced “radiating” and “receiving” to facilitate the actor’s connection with the audience and other actors. Radiating involves projecting emotional energy outwardly to another actor or toward the audience. Receiving is the process of accepting that emotional energy and allowing it to influence one’s performance.
Atmosphere
This principle involves creating an emotional “atmosphere” or “aura” around oneself consistent with the character’s internal world. Chekhov believed that this atmosphere could be palpable to the audience, enhancing the emotional resonance of the performance.
Archetypes and Universality
Chekhov encouraged actors to explore the use of archetypal characters and situations. The actor can deliver a personally meaningful and broadly relatable performance by connecting with universal themes and characters.
Centres of Energy
Chekhov posited that different emotional states correspond to different “centres” within the human body. By focusing energy on these centres, the actor can generate specific emotions. For instance, focusing on the heart centre could facilitate emotions of love or compassion, whereas the solar plexus might be associated with power and aggression.
Qualities of Movement
Chekhov also identified different “qualities of movement” such as molding, flowing, flying, and radiating, that can help an actor physicalise their character’s internal state. Each quality is associated with a distinct form of energy and can be used to depict various emotional states.
The Creative Individual
Chekhov emphasised the role of the actor as a creative individual. Unlike methods that require actors to suppress their creativity in service to a text, Chekhov encouraged actors to bring their unique perspectives to their roles, ensuring that each performance is a distinct creative act.
Chekhov Technique Theory and Exercises
Technique 1: Psychological Gesture
The Concept
The Psychological Gesture is a seminal element of Michael Chekhov’s approach to acting. Rooted in the belief that an actor’s physicality is deeply interwoven with their emotional and psychological state, this technique employs a distinct, expressive physical gesture to encapsulate and access a character’s core motivations, objectives, or emotions. Unlike methodologies focusing on internal contemplation or emotional recall, Chekhov’s Psychological Gesture serves as a dynamic, physical pathway to characterisation.
Key Principles
- Essentiality of Gesture: The Psychological Gesture is not merely a physical expression but is considered essential in capturing the essence or primary objective of the character. It acts as a physical manifestation of the character’s inner world.
- Unified Interpretation: The gesture connects various emotional, psychological, and motivational character dimensions into a singular physical action.
- Avoidance of Superficiality: Chekhov warned against arbitrary or ornamental gestures, advocating for gestures that deeply resonate with the character’s core traits or objectives.
- Physicality as a Gateway: For Chekhov, this physical gesture served as a conduit to the psychological and emotional layers of a character, and thus it can be as expressive and significant as lines of dialogue.
Application in Practice
- Objective-Centric Gesture: The initial step in applying Psychological Gesture is to identify the primary objectives or motivations of the character. The gesture is then formulated to serve these objectives, creating a physical shorthand for the actor to tap into the character’s essence.
- Analytical Foundation: The actor undertakes a comprehensive script analysis to understand the character’s given circumstances, psychological underpinnings, and contextual elements. This forms the intellectual groundwork upon which the Psychological Gesture is built.
- Rehearsal and Refinement: The process of incorporating Psychological Gesture necessitates rigorous rehearsal. During this phase, the gesture undergoes refinement, and its effectiveness is evaluated and honed to align perfectly with the character’s objectives.
- Adaptive Resilience: While the Psychological Gesture provides a sturdy foundation, it is not rigid. Actors are encouraged to adapt their gestures responsively, interacting more fluidly with other actors or adapting to unexpected dynamics within a performance.
Lesson 1: Psychological Gesture
Objective
To introduce students to Michael Chekhov and the fundamentals of his Psychological Gesture Technique in acting.
Duration
50 minutes
Materials
- Projector for PowerPoint presentations or video clips
- Whiteboard and markers
- Handouts outlining key aspects of Chekhov’s Psychological Gesture Technique
- List of notable actors who were influenced by Michael Chekhov
Activities
Introduction and Group Discussion (15 minutes)
- Brief Outline of Michael Chekhov (3 minutes)
- Start by succinctly introducing Michael Chekhov, focusing on his significance in acting. Highlight his background as a student of Stanislavski and his divergence in developing his acting techniques.
- Ice-breaker Activity (2 minutes)
- Ask students to name their ‘favourite film or theatrical moment and why’ in one sentence. This primes the class for discussing different acting methods and styles.
- Initiate Group Discussion (10 minutes)
- Open the floor to questions like:
- “What is the role of physicality in acting?”
- “How do you think an actor accesses emotions?”
- Lead into what students might already know or think they know about Chekhov’s techniques. Utilise the whiteboard to note down students’ ideas for later reference.
- Open the floor to questions like:
Lecture and Presentation (20 minutes)
- Introductory Remarks (3 minutes)
- Brief the students that today’s lecture will explore Chekhov’s Psychological Gesture Technique and its applications.
- Core Principles of Chekhov’s Psychological Gesture (12 minutes)
- Use a PowerPoint presentation to delve into the key aspects of Psychological Gesture, such as its purposefulness, its relationship to character objectives, and its avoidance of superficiality.
- List of Notable Actors Influenced by Michael Chekhov (5 minutes)
- Conclude the lecture portion by displaying a list of notable actors who have been influenced by Chekhov’s method. Discuss how this technique has manifestly or subtly influenced their performances.
Video Analysis (15 minutes)
- Selecting the Video Clip (2 minutes)
- Precede the video by offering brief context about the production and the actors involved. Ideally, the clip should illustrate the Psychological Gesture technique in action.
- Watching the Clip (5 minutes)
- Play the selected video clip for the class.
- Analytical Discussion (8 minutes)
- Engage the class with questions like:
- “Which moments in the clip caught your attention?”
- “Can you identify any Psychological Gestures in the performance?”
- Encourage students to spot the application of Chekhov’s technique and use the whiteboard to collate these observations.
- Engage the class with questions like:
Homework
- Research and Selection
- Students should research and select a monologue that offers opportunities to employ the Psychological Gesture Technique. This will be the central material for the upcoming lesson on applying Chekhov’s methods in practice.
Technique 2: Imaginary Body
The Concept
The Imaginary Body technique is another significant concept within Michael Chekhov’s acting pedagogy. The technique urges actors to cultivate a ‘second body’ that encapsulates the essence, psychology, and physicality of their characters. This ‘Imaginary Body’ is not merely a conceptual figment; rather, it is a meticulously crafted, fully sensed, and wholly integrated aspect of the actor’s performance. The actor uses his or her imagination to create a new corporeal reality that is separate from their own but intrinsically connected to the character they are portraying.
Key Principles
- Conception of the Imaginary Body: The actor should begin by conceptualising what this second body would look like, feel like, and behave like based on the given circumstances, the script, and the character’s objectives.
- Physicality and Gesture: A deep connection must be established between the Imaginary Body and the actor’s real body. This is often achieved through Psychological Gesture, another of Chekhov’s techniques, which helps in aligning the actor’s physicality with that of the Imaginary Body.
- Sensory Experience: The actor must sense the Imaginary Body in an almost tangible way. This includes awareness of its weight, texture, temperature, and other sensory attributes.
- Dynamic Qualities: The Imaginary Body is not static but has dynamic qualities like rhythm, speed, and resistance. These aspects contribute to a richer, more complex performance.
- Psychological and Emotional Alignment: As much as this technique concerns physicality, it is also deeply connected to the psychological and emotional life of the character. The Imaginary Body should reflect the inner turmoil, elation, or complexities that the character experiences.
- Functional Integration: The Imaginary Body is not an isolated tool but needs to be integrated functionally into the actor’s overall approach, working in harmony with vocal delivery, emotional truth, and interaction with other actors.
Application in Practice
- Initial Visualization: The first step involves isolated sessions where the actor works on visualising and sensing the Imaginary Body. This could include sketching it out, describing it in a journal, or walking around a space ‘wearing’ it.
- Script Analysis for Physical Clues: The actor should go through the script, noting any instances where the character’s physicality is explicitly described or can be inferred. These clues will aid in refining the Imaginary Body.
- Physical Exercises: Engage in exercises that help physically embody this second body. This can be done through a series of improvisations where the Imaginary Body is put into different scenarios to explore how it reacts.
- Emotional and Psychological Resonance: Activities should be undertaken to align the Imaginary Body emotionally and psychologically with the character’s objectives and emotional states.
- Integrating with Lines and Actions: The final step involves integrating this Imaginary Body into the performance, aligning it with the character’s dialogues and actions, thus creating a seamless blend between the text and the actor’s physicality.
- Iterative Refinement: Like all aspects of performance, this technique benefits from repetition and refinement. Each rehearsal is an opportunity to deepen the connection with the Imaginary Body.
Lesson 2: Imaginary Body
Objective
To introduce students to Michael Chekhov’s Imaginary Body technique and its applications in characterisation and performance.
Duration
50 minutes
Materials
- Projector for PowerPoint presentations or video clips
- Whiteboard and markers
- Handouts outlining key aspects of the Imaginary Body technique
- Selected monologues for practical application
- Space for physical exercises
Activities
Introduction and Group Discussion (15 minutes)
- Brief Outline of Michael Chekhov (3 minutes)
Introduce Michael Chekhov, emphasising his contributions to acting theory, particularly his focus on imagination and physicality. - Ice-breaker Activity (2 minutes)
Request students to share their ‘most challenging character to play and why’ in one sentence. This will set the mood for discussing the complexities of characterisation. - Initiate Group Discussion (10 minutes)
Pose open-ended questions to the class, such as:
“What challenges do you face in embodying a character?”
“How do you usually prepare your body for a role?”
Encourage students to share their methods and write down these points on the whiteboard for later comparison to the Imaginary Body technique.
Lecture and Presentation (15 minutes)
- Introductory Remarks (3 minutes)
Inform students that today’s lecture will focus on the Imaginary Body technique and how it can improve their acting skills. - Core Principles of the Imaginary Body Technique (10 minutes)
Use a PowerPoint presentation to elaborate on the fundamental tenets of the Imaginary Body technique, such as physicality and gesture, sensory experience, and dynamic qualities. Highlight its significance in understanding and embodying a character’s psychology and emotion. - Relation to Other Techniques (2 minutes)
Briefly explain how the Imaginary Body can be used in conjunction with other techniques like Psychological Gesture to create a multi-layered performance.
Physical Exercises and Application (15 minutes)
- Introduction to Exercises (2 minutes)
Explain that the next segment involves practical exercises to create an Imaginary Body for a character. - Practical Exercise: Imaginary Body Exploration (8 minutes)
Assign selected monologues to students and ask them to move around the space ‘wearing’ their characters’ Imaginary Bodies. Encourage them to explore how their Imaginary Bodies would interact with the environment and other characters. - Group Discussion and Feedback (5 minutes)
Gather the students and ask them to share their experiences. What did they discover about their characters? How did the Imaginary Body influence their movements and emotions?
Homework Assignment and Summary (5 minutes)
- Homework Assignment (2 minutes)
Assign students the task of refining their Imaginary Bodies based on today’s lesson and to be prepared to present a monologue in the next class using this technique. - Summary and Q&A (3 minutes)
Summarise the key points of the lesson and open the floor for any questions or clarifications.
Technique 3: Radiating and Receiving
The Concept
The technique of “Radiating and Receiving” stems from a notion integral to performance arts: the cyclical and dynamic exchange of energy between the performer and the audience, or between actors on stage. Originating from Michael Chekhov’s pedagogy, this concept suggests that an actor’s performance extends beyond mere physicality or verbal expression. The actor radiates energy, emotions, or intentions, which are then received by the audience or a fellow actor. This reciprocal exchange creates a live, vibrating connection, making the performance deeply engaging and authentic.
Key Principles
- Intentional Radiating: The essence of the technique is rooted in the concept that the actor intentionally ‘radiates’ specific emotions, messages, or energies. This is not merely an abstract idea but is connected to the actor’s physical and emotional actions.
- Sensory Awareness: The actor should have heightened sensory awareness to effectively receive energies or emotions from their environment or co-actors. This awareness is not only visual or auditory but also includes other senses.
- Dynamic Exchange: The focus is on the ‘give and take’, an ongoing cycle where the actor radiates and then receives feedback through audience reactions or fellow actors’ responses. This dynamic can adjust momentarily, and awareness of this can deepen the actor’s immersion in the role.
- Articulation of Subtext: The method can be particularly effective in conveying the underlying subtext of a scene. Through radiating and receiving, subtle emotional undertones can be expressed and understood, enriching the complexity of the performance.
- Emotional Authenticity: By being attuned to the energies in play, the actor aims to reach a state of emotional authenticity, transcending the mere mechanical reproduction of actions or lines.
- Receptivity: Just as actors radiate, they must also be adept at receiving. This involves being open to external stimuli and responding to it in a manner that is consistent with their character’s objectives and motivations.
Application in Practice
- Objective-Based Radiating: Before a scene, the actor identifies their character’s objective and uses that as a basis to radiate specific energies or emotions that serve this objective.
- Responsive Receiving: During the performance, the actor remains highly receptive to the energies being radiated by their co-actors or even the audience. This involves active listening and observing, which then influences their own radiating actions.
- Warm-Up Exercises: Incorporate sensory awareness exercises into the rehearsal process to heighten the actor’s ability to receive.
- Moment-to-Moment Adjustments: Practice adjusting the intensity or quality of radiation and reception based on the ongoing dynamics of the scene.
- Feedback Loops: Use rehearsals to create a feedback loop where actors can discuss the energies they intended to radiate and compare it to what was received.
- Balancing Technique and Spontaneity: While the technique requires analytical preparation, it should not stifle spontaneity. Actors should be trained to balance technique with the instinctual responses that come from genuine engagement with the material.
Lesson 3: Radiating and Receiving
Objective
To introduce students to the “Radiating and Receiving” technique, a key element in cultivating emotional and sensory connections between actors and audiences.
Duration
50 minutes
Materials
- Projector for PowerPoint presentations or video clips
- Whiteboard and markers
- Handouts outlining the key principles of “Radiating and Receiving”
- A list of scenes or monologues conducive to employing this technique
Activities
Introduction and Group Discussion (10 minutes)
- Brief Outline of Radiating and Receiving (3 minutes)
- Briefly describe the Radiating and Receiving technique, highlighting its importance in theatrical practice.
- Ice-breaker Activity (2 minutes)
- Invite students to share experiences where they felt a strong emotional or sensory connection in a performance. One sentence per student.
- Initiate Group Discussion (5 minutes)
- Ask open-ended questions like, “What does presence on stage mean to you?” or “How can an actor connect emotionally with the audience?”
- Use the whiteboard to capture student responses for comparison with the formal principles to be discussed.
Lecture and Presentation (20 minutes)
- Introductory Remarks (2 minutes)
- Notify students that the lecture will discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of Radiating and Receiving.
- Key Principles of Radiating and Receiving (15 minutes)
- Use a PowerPoint presentation to elaborate on key principles such as intention, sensory awareness, dynamic exchange, and emotional authenticity.
- List of Suitable Scenes or Monologues (3 minutes)
- Conclude the lecture by presenting a list of scenes or monologues that are particularly suited for practising the Radiating and Receiving technique.
Practical Exercises (15 minutes)
- Pair Work (7 minutes)
- Divide students into pairs and assign a short scene to practice, focusing specifically on Radiating and Receiving.
- Group Feedback (8 minutes)
- Have pairs perform in front of the class and lead a discussion on moments where Radiating and Receiving were effectively utilised.
Video Analysis (5 minutes)
- Video Clip Selection and Watching (3 minutes)
- Show a short clip featuring the effective use of Radiating and Receiving.
- Analytical Discussion (2 minutes)
- Lead a brief discussion to identify moments in the clip where Radiating and Receiving are apparent. Record these observations on the whiteboard.
Homework
- Students are to select a monologue suitable for practising Radiating and Receiving. They will prepare this monologue for the next class, allowing them to implement this technique in a practical exercise.
Technique 4: Atmosphere
The Concept
Atmosphere, in this context, refers to the emotional or thematic climate that envelops a scene or an entire play. It is not merely a backdrop but an active element that interacts with characters and influences their actions and reactions. Chekhov declared that an acute awareness and atmosphere incorporation could heighten a performance’s authenticity. By actively imagining or even physically manifesting the specific atmosphere of a scene—whether it be tension, exuberance, melancholy, or any other emotional state—actors enrich their performances and engender a more immersive experience for the audience.
Key Principles
- Intentional Creation: The atmosphere is not accidental but consciously crafted by the actor through psychological and physical means. It necessitates a nuanced understanding of the work’s text, characters, and overarching themes.
- Emotional Resonance: The atmosphere should resonate with the emotional or thematic content of the scene, complementing and amplifying it. For example, an atmosphere of foreboding can underscore a character’s internal anxieties.
- Interactivity: The atmosphere is not static; it is dynamic and interactive. Characters influence and are influenced by the atmosphere, affecting choices in movement, speech, and interaction with other characters.
- Sensory Awareness: Creating an atmosphere often involves a heightened sensory engagement. Actors may employ techniques such as visualization, auditory imagination, or kinesthetic awareness to inhabit the atmosphere fully.
- Transference: The atmosphere, once created, should be capable of being communicated to the audience, acting as an invisible yet tangible layer of the performance.
- Versatility: Understanding the concept of atmosphere allows an actor to adapt to different genres, styles, and emotional tones, making them a more versatile performer.
Application in Practice
- Analytical Preparation: Before rehearsals, actors should conduct a textual analysis to identify the potential atmospheres relevant to different scenes.
- Imaginative Work: Using techniques such as meditation, visualization, or improvisational exercises, actors can create different atmospheres during rehearsal.
- Physicalization: Employ physical exercises to externalize the atmosphere. For example, adjusting posture, tempo, or vocal quality can help embody a particular atmosphere.
- Scene Work: Integrate the concept of atmosphere into scene work, paying attention to how it influences individual characters and their interactions and events unfolding.
- Feedback Loop: After each rehearsal or performance, actors should discuss the effectiveness of the employed atmosphere, making necessary adjustments for future iterations.
- Audience Engagement: Gauge audience reactions during performances to understand the efficacy of the atmosphere in conveying emotional or thematic elements.
Lesson 4: Atmosphere
Objective
To introduce students to Michael Chekhov’s concept of “atmosphere,” elucidate its key principles, and facilitate hands-on application through practical exercises.
Duration
50 minutes
Required Materials
- Projector compatible with PowerPoint presentations or video clips
- Whiteboard and assortment of markers
- Handouts summarising the atmosphere technique according to Michael Chekhov
- Clips that exhibit effective application of the atmosphere technique
Activities
Introduction and Group Discussion (15 minutes)
- Brief Introduction to Michael Chekhov (3 minutes) Provide a concise overview of Michael Chekhov, focusing on his “atmosphere” concept.
- Ice-breaker Activity (2 minutes) Prompt students to depict in a single sentence an “atmosphere” they felt in a remarkable theatre performance.
- Group Discussion (10 minutes) Raise questions like:
- “What is your understanding of ‘atmosphere’ within theatre?”
- “Can you think of a performance where the atmosphere significantly impacted your perception?” Use the whiteboard to collect student ideas for later juxtaposition with Chekhov’s principles.
Lecture and Presentation (20 minutes)
- Introduction (3 minutes) Preface the lecture by explaining that the focus will be on Chekhov’s “atmosphere” concept, its theoretical basis, and its practical implementation.
- Key Principles of Atmosphere (12 minutes) Utilise a PowerPoint presentation to delve into the major principles, offering theatrical examples where possible.
- Exemplary Clips (5 minutes) Showcase brief video excerpts that exemplify atmosphere in action, discussing its delivery and its impact on the scene.
Practical Exercises (15 minutes)
- Group Exercise on Atmosphere (7 minutes) Allocate students to small groups, assigning each a distinct emotion or theme for an improvisational scene.
- Performance and Feedback (5 minutes) Allow each group to perform and engage in a feedback discussion.
- Sensory Individual Exercise (3 minutes) Guide students through a sensory visualisation exercise, encouraging them to imagine different atmospheres.
Homework Assignment
Instruct students to read and analyse a brief scene from a chosen play, considering the atmosphere required. Prepare for a class discussion on creating and maintaining this atmosphere in a performance.
