This 10-lesson unit for Grade 5/6 drama students explores cultural storytelling, engaging students and educating them about the diverse world of global narratives.

Central to this unit is the appreciation and understanding of the rich tapestry of stories that stem from various cultural traditions, each woven with unique characters, plots, and expressive techniques. By delving into cultural storytelling, students will not only enhance their dramatic skills but also develop a deeper respect for and insight into the myriad ways different cultures express their histories, values, and beliefs through the art of storytelling.

The unit encompasses the study and practice of character development, plot structures, and expressive techniques embedded in storytelling, as they vary across different cultures.

Each lesson is written to progressively build students’ abilities in cultural storytelling, from the initial stages of understanding the significance of storytelling in various cultures to the final performance of a culturally adapted story.

The journey through these lessons will see students engage in activities like crafting cultural visuals, adapting and scripting tales from diverse cultures, and refining their performances through rehearsals and peer feedback. Skills learned include empathy, creativity, critical thinking, and performance skills.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Global Storytelling

Learning Objectives

  1. Understand the Concept of Storytelling: Students will grasp the fundamental aspects and purposes of storytelling in human culture.
  2. Recognise the Diversity of Storytelling Traditions: Students will become aware of the diverse storytelling traditions from various cultures around the world.
  3. Share and Appreciate Different Cultural Stories: Students will engage in sharing stories from their own or other cultures, fostering an environment of respect and appreciation for cultural diversity.

Success Criteria

  • Students can articulate the basic elements and purposes of storytelling.
  • Students demonstrate awareness of different cultural storytelling traditions.
  • Students actively participate in sharing and respectfully listening to stories from varied cultures.

Teacher Instructions

  1. Preparation:
    • Gather resources on storytelling traditions from different cultures (books, videos, audio clips).
    • Prepare a brief presentation on the history and significance of storytelling globally.
    • Create a comfortable and inclusive environment for sharing stories.
  2. Introduction (10 minutes):
    • Begin with a discussion on what storytelling is and why it is important.
    • Use the prepared presentation to introduce various global storytelling traditions, highlighting their unique characteristics and cultural significance.
  3. Interactive Discussion (15 minutes):
    • Encourage students to reflect on and discuss different storytelling traditions they are familiar with.
    • Facilitate a conversation about how storytelling can vary across cultures and what elements remain universal.
  4. Group Activity – Story Sharing (20 minutes):
    • Divide the class into small groups.
    • Each group selects a story from their own culture or another culture they are interested in.
    • Provide time for groups to discuss their selected stories and prepare a brief summary or representation to share with the class.
  5. Group Presentations (10 minutes):
    • Allow each group to share their story with the class.
    • Encourage other students to listen respectfully and ask questions about the cultural context of the stories shared.
  6. Closure (5 minutes):
    • Conclude the lesson by summarising the key points learned about global storytelling.
    • Set the stage for the next lesson, which will delve deeper into specific cultural storytelling elements.

Student Activities

  1. Group Discussions:
    • Engage in discussions with peers about their understanding of storytelling and its importance in various cultures.
    • Actively listen and contribute thoughts on the different storytelling traditions presented by the teacher.
  2. Story Selection and Preparation:
    • In groups, select a story from a particular culture.
    • Discuss the story’s cultural background, its characters, plot, and moral.
    • Prepare a short summary or creative representation of the story (e.g., a skit, storyboard, or oral narration).
  3. Story Sharing:
    • Present the selected story to the class, ensuring to convey its cultural context and significance.
    • Use expressive skills such as voice modulation, facial expressions, and gestures to enhance the storytelling experience.
  4. Active Listening and Inquiry:
    • Listen attentively to the stories shared by other groups.
    • Engage in the post-presentation discussion by asking insightful questions or offering reflections on the stories heard.

Lesson 2: Characters in Cultural Contexts

Learning Objectives

  1. Identify Character Archetypes in Various Cultures: Students will learn about different character archetypes and how they are portrayed in stories from various cultures.
  2. Understand the Influence of Culture on Character Development: Students will explore how cultural values and beliefs shape characters in stories.
  3. Develop Character Profiles Based on Cultural Tales: Students will create detailed character profiles, drawing inspiration from cultural stories.
  4. Engage in Role-Play to Embody Cultural Characters: Students will participate in role-play activities to understand and express the different characters from various cultural contexts.

Success Criteria

  • Students can identify and describe various character archetypes from different cultural stories.
  • Students demonstrate an understanding of how culture influences character traits and narratives.
  • Students create detailed and culturally informed character profiles.
  • Students effectively engage in role-play, demonstrating an understanding of the characters’ cultural backgrounds and traits.

Teacher Instructions

  1. Preparation:
    • Compile examples of character archetypes from a range of cultural stories.
    • Prepare a brief presentation or handouts on these archetypes and their cultural significance.
    • Arrange the classroom for group work and role-play activities.
  2. Introduction to Character Archetypes (15 minutes):
    • Present the different character archetypes found in various cultural stories.
    • Discuss how these archetypes reflect the cultures they originate from.
  3. Character Profile Creation (15 minutes):
    • Divide students into small groups.
    • Assign each group a specific cultural story or allow them to choose one.
    • Instruct students to create a character profile for a main character from their selected story, focusing on how their cultural background influences their traits and actions.
  4. Role-Play Activity (15 minutes):
    • Have each group prepare a short role-play based on their character profiles, showcasing the character in a typical scenario from their culture.
    • Encourage students to focus on accurately representing the cultural nuances of their characters.
  5. Group Presentations and Feedback (10 minutes):
    • Groups take turns performing their role-plays.
    • After each performance, encourage feedback from the class focusing on cultural representation and character portrayal.
  6. Reflection and Closure (5 minutes):
    • Facilitate a discussion on what students learned about how culture influences character development.
    • Preview the next lesson which will delve into plot structures across cultures.

Student Activities

  1. Character Archetype Analysis:
    • Participate in discussions about different character archetypes and their cultural significance.
    • Identify archetypes in familiar stories and discuss their cultural implications.
  2. Character Profile Development:
    • In groups, select a cultural story and focus on a main character.
    • Create a detailed character profile, considering aspects like background, personality, beliefs, and how these are shaped by their culture.
  3. Role-Play Preparation:
    • Develop a short scenario or scene that highlights the character’s cultural context.
    • Rehearse the role-play, focusing on accurately portraying the character’s cultural nuances.
  4. Role-Play Performance:
    • Perform the role-play in front of the class.
    • Use expressive skills and cultural knowledge to bring the character to life.
  5. Active Participation and Reflection:
    • Engage with other groups’ performances, providing constructive feedback focused on cultural accuracy and character portrayal.
    • Reflect on the role of culture in shaping characters and narratives.

Examples of Archetypes in Cultural Storytelling

Japanese

  1. Kami (Gods and Spirits): Central to Shinto beliefs, kami are spirits or deities associated with natural elements, objects, or ancestors.
  2. Oni (Demons): Often antagonists in folklore, depicted as ogre-like creatures causing trouble or harm.
  3. Samurai: The warrior archetype, embodying honor, skill, and loyalty.
  4. Tengu: Supernatural beings, often part human and part bird, sometimes mischievous or protective.
  5. Kitsune (Fox Spirits): Shapeshifting foxes, often cunning and with magical abilities.

Norse

  1. Æsir and Vanir: The pantheon of gods, including well-known figures like Odin and Thor.
  2. Jötnar (Giants): Often in conflict with the gods, embodying the forces of chaos and nature.
  3. Valkyries: Female figures who choose those who may die and those who may live in battles.
  4. Dwarves: Skilled craftsmen and smiths, known for their wisdom and underground dwellings.
  5. Dragons: Symbolic of chaos and destruction, often guarding treasures.

African (various cultures)

  1. Anansi: The trickster spider, common in West African and Caribbean folklore.
  2. Orishas: In Yoruba mythology, these are gods representing various natural and human phenomena.
  3. The Griot: A storyteller, historian, and musician, keeper of oral traditions.
  4. Mami Wata: A water spirit, often depicted as a mermaid or snake charmer.
  5. The Wise Elder: A common figure, offering guidance and wisdom, central in many African stories.

Native American (various tribes)

  1. Thunderbird: A powerful spirit in the form of a bird, associated with thunder and lightning.
  2. Coyote: The trickster, featuring prominently in many tribal mythologies.
  3. Skinwalkers: In some Southwestern tribes, beings who can transform into animals.
  4. Sedna: In Inuit mythology, the goddess of the sea and marine animals.
  5. The Great Spirit: A creator or supreme deity figure in many Native American cultures.

Celtic

  1. Fae or Fairies: Supernatural beings with various powers, often mischievous or malevolent.
  2. Druids: Wise men or women, often serving as priests, judges, or advisors.
  3. Heroes like Cú Chulainn: Figures from epic sagas, often with superhuman abilities.
  4. Banshee: A spirit foretelling death with her wailing.
  5. Selkies: Seal people who can shed their skin to become human.

Greek

  1. Gods and Goddesses (Olympians): Like Zeus, Hera, and Athena, ruling various aspects of life and nature.
  2. Heroes: Such as Hercules and Odysseus, undertaking epic journeys and labors.
  3. Nymphs: Minor deities associated with nature, like forests, rivers, or mountains.
  4. Titans: The elder gods, often representing primal forces.
  5. Sirens: Creatures who lure sailors to destruction with their enchanting music.

Indian

  1. Devas and Asuras: Gods and demons, often engaged in cosmic battles, as seen in Hindu epics.
  2. Avatars of Vishnu: Incarnations like Krishna and Rama, central to many Hindu narratives.
  3. Rishis: Sages and seers, often credited with composing sacred texts and performing miracles.
  4. Nagas: Serpent beings, playing roles both benevolent and malevolent in various stories.
  5. Yakshas and Apsaras: Nature spirits and celestial dancers, respectively, often appearing in folklore and mythology.

Chinese

  1. Dragons: Symbolic of power and good fortune, different from the Western concept of dragons.
  2. Immortals: Figures from Taoist myths, each with their unique powers and quirks.
  3. The Monkey King (Sun Wukong): A trickster hero from the classic “Journey to the West”.
  4. Terracotta Warriors: Though historical, they’ve entered folklore as guardians of the afterlife.
  5. Gui (Ghosts): Spirits of the deceased, often playing significant roles in ghost stories and legends.

Mesoamerican (Mayan, Aztec, etc.)

  1. Quetzalcoatl: The feathered serpent god, a creator and a symbol of wisdom and culture.
  2. Jaguar Warriors: Elite warriors represented as jaguars, symbolizing strength and ferocity.
  3. Ah Puch: The Mayan god of death, often depicted in a fearsome manner.
  4. Hero Twins: Central to Mayan mythology, known for their adventures in the underworld.
  5. Tlaloc: The Aztec god of rain and water, vital for agriculture.

Polynesian

  1. Maui: A trickster and cultural hero, famous for his exploits and adventures across the Pacific.
  2. Pele: The Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes and fire, known for her passionate and volatile nature.
  3. Tiki: Carved wooden or stone figures, representing deified ancestors.
  4. Manaia: Guardian spirits, often depicted as part-bird, part-human, and part-fish.
  5. Aitu: Spirits or ghosts, which could be benevolent or malevolent.

Middle Eastern

  1. Djinn (Genies): Supernatural beings, capable of aiding or hindering humans.
  2. Shahrazad: The storyteller of “One Thousand and One Nights”, a symbol of wisdom and cunning.
  3. Rostam: A hero from Persian epic “Shahnameh”, known for his strength and bravery.
  4. The Simurgh: A mythical bird, often associated with wisdom and healing.
  5. Efrit: A type of powerful and often malevolent supernatural being.

Slavic

  1. Baba Yaga: A witch-like character who appears as both a helpful and hindering figure.
  2. Domovoi: Household spirits, believed to protect the home and family.
  3. Rusalka: Water nymphs or spirits, often associated with lakes or rivers.
  4. Koschei the Deathless: An immortal villain often defeated through cunning means.
  5. Firebird: A magical, glowing bird, a common motif in Slavic folklore.

Egyptian

  1. Gods and Goddesses: Such as Osiris, Isis, Ra, and Anubis, each with unique attributes and stories.
  2. Pharaoh: Often depicted as a semi-divine ruler, sometimes in narratives involving gods.
  3. The Sphinx: A mythical creature with a lion’s body and a human head, symbolizing wisdom and mystery.
  4. The Scarab: Representing rebirth and regeneration, often appearing in mythology and art.
  5. The Underworld and Afterlife: Central themes in many Egyptian stories, with detailed narratives about the journey of the soul.

South American (Inca, Amazonian Tribes, etc.)

  1. Pachamama: The Earth Mother figure in Incan mythology, representing fertility and nature.
  2. Jaguar: A powerful symbol and spirit animal in many Amazonian tribes, often associated with strength and the spiritual world.
  3. Inti: The Incan Sun God, revered as a powerful and vital deity.
  4. Ancestral Spirits: Revered in many indigenous cultures, guiding and protecting the living.
  5. Trickster Figures: Similar to other cultures, often depicted as animals or shape-shifters.

Southeast Asian (Indonesian, Filipino, etc.)

  1. Anito: Spirits of ancestors and nature in Filipino culture, often worshipped and revered.
  2. Barong: A lion-like creature in Balinese mythology, representing the good spirit.
  3. Aswang: A mythical creature in Filipino folklore, often feared as a vampire or witch.
  4. Garuda: A mythical bird, often depicted in art and mythology, particularly in Indonesia and Thailand.
  5. Naga: Serpent-like creatures, believed to control water and rain, common in many Southeast Asian cultures.

Aboriginal Australian

  1. Dreamtime Ancestors: Mythical beings who roamed the earth, creating life and imparting knowledge.
  2. Rainbow Serpent: A major mythological figure, associated with water, creation, and fertility.
  3. Totemic Spirits: Animals or plants serving as emblems for clans and individuals, often central in their stories.
  4. Wandjina: Spirit beings from the Kimberley region, creators of the land and controllers of the weather.
  5. The Trickster: Often represented by animals like the crow or raven, playing tricks on others and breaking norms.

Siberian and Arctic (Inuit, Sami, etc.)

  1. Animal Spirits: Especially those of reindeer, bears, and other Arctic animals, central in shamanistic practices.
  2. Sedna: The Inuit goddess of the sea and marine animals, a central figure in their mythology.
  3. Shamans: Healers and spiritual leaders, capable of communicating with the spirit world.
  4. Aurora Spirits: In some cultures, the Northern Lights are believed to be the spirits of the dead.
  5. Giants and Trolls: Found in some Sami legends, often depicted as powerful and sometimes menacing beings.

Korean

  1. Dokkaebi (Goblins): Mythical beings with supernatural powers, often both mischievous and benevolent.
  2. Haetae: Mythical creatures resembling lions, believed to protect against fire and disasters.
  3. Mountain Spirits (Sanshin): Revered in shamanism, guardians of mountains and nature.
  4. Dragon King (Yongwang): A deity ruling over the sea, often a part of folklore involving water.
  5. The Loyal Official or Martyr: Historical or legendary figures who are revered for their unwavering loyalty and righteousness.

Andean (Pre-Columbian Civilizations)

  1. Viracocha: The creator god in Incan mythology, responsible for the creation of the sun, moon, and stars.
  2. Apu: Mountain spirits, considered as protectors and deities in the Andean region.
  3. Condor: A symbol of power and health, often appearing in myths and art.
  4. Pachacuti: Often turned into a legendary figure, a great transformer or reformer in Incan mythology.
  5. Mama Quilla: The Moon Goddess, important in agricultural and fertility rites.

West African

  1. Orishas: In Yoruba religion, these are deities representing various aspects of the world and life.
  2. Anansi the Spider: A well-known trickster figure, famous for his intelligence and cunning.
  3. The Griot: Storytellers and keepers of oral history and tradition.
  4. Mami Wata: A water spirit often depicted as a mermaid, associated with fertility and wealth.
  5. Ogbanje/Abiku: Spirit children in Igbo and Yoruba cultures, believed to die and be reborn repeatedly.

Pacific Northwest (Native American)

  1. Raven: A central figure in many myths, often depicted as a creator, trickster, and transformer.
  2. Thunderbird: A powerful supernatural bird, associated with thunder, lightning, and storms.
  3. Bear: Revered as a spirit and ancestor, often a symbol of strength and wisdom.
  4. Totem Animals: Each animal represents certain traits and is often linked to individual clans.
  5. Salmon: Symbolic of abundance, renewal, and life cycles, central in many cultural stories.

Caribbean

  1. La Diablesse: A figure from folklore, often depicted as a beautiful woman who leads men astray.
  2. Anansi: The trickster spider, common in Caribbean folklore, derived from African stories.
  3. Papa Bois: The guardian of the forests and animals, a figure in Trinidad and Tobago folklore.
  4. Jumbies: Ghosts or spirits, often malevolent, featuring in many island stories.
  5. Mama D’Leau: A water spirit, similar to the European mermaid but with unique Caribbean characteristics.

Lesson 3: Plot Structures Across Cultures

Learning Objectives

  1. Identify Diverse Plot Structures: Students will learn about various plot structures used in storytelling traditions from different cultures.
  2. Create Culturally-Inspired Plot Outlines: Students will develop plot outlines based on cultural tales, demonstrating their understanding of cultural influences on plot development.
  3. Understand the Role of Cultural Context in Storytelling: Students will explore how cultural contexts shape and influence the development of a story’s plot.

Success Criteria

  • Students can describe different plot structures found in global storytelling traditions.
  • Students successfully create plot outlines that reflect the cultural differences of the chosen tales.
  • Students demonstrate an understanding of how cultural context influences plot development.

Teacher Instructions

  1. Preparation:
    • Prepare a presentation or handouts on various plot structures in global storytelling traditions, highlighting how they differ culturally.
    • Gather examples of cultural tales that exemplify different plot structures.
    • Set up the classroom for group activities and discussions.
  2. Presentation on Plot Structures (15 minutes):
    • Introduce students to different plot structures used in stories from various cultures, such as linear, circular, branching, etc.
    • Provide examples of each plot structure from different cultural stories.
  3. Group Activity – Plot Outline Creation (20 minutes):
    • Divide the class into small groups.
    • Assign or let each group choose a cultural tale.
    • Guide students to create a plot outline for their chosen tale, focusing on how the cultural context influences its structure.
  4. Discussion on Cultural Context and Plot Development (10 minutes):
    • Facilitate a discussion where each group shares their plot outline and explains how the cultural context has influenced the plot structure of their chosen tale.
    • Encourage questions and comments from the class to deepen the understanding of cultural influence on storytelling.
  5. Reflection and Closure (5 minutes):
    • Lead a reflective discussion on what was learned about plot structures and cultural influences.
    • Briefly introduce the next lesson’s focus on expressive storytelling techniques in different cultures.

Student Activities

  1. Learning about Plot Structures:
    • Actively participate in the presentation about different plot structures in storytelling.
    • Note the examples given for each plot structure from various cultural contexts.
  2. Plot Outline Development:
    • In groups, select or be assigned a cultural tale.
    • Analyze the tale and create a plot outline, paying close attention to how the plot structure is influenced by its cultural context.
  3. Group Discussion and Sharing:
    • Discuss within the group how the cultural context has shaped the plot structure of the chosen tale.
    • Share the plot outline with the class and explain the cultural influences observed.
  4. Engaging in Class Discussion:
    • Listen to other groups’ presentations and participate in the discussion by asking questions or offering insights.
    • Reflect on how different cultural contexts lead to diverse storytelling structures.
  5. Reflective Thinking:
    • Engage in the closing discussion, reflecting on the importance of cultural context in shaping a story’s plot.
    • Prepare for the next lesson by thinking about how different storytelling techniques can express cultural nuances.

Cultural Storybooks

Cultural Storytelling

Lesson 4: Expressive Techniques in Cultural Storytelling

Learning Objectives

  1. Recognise Diverse Expressive Storytelling Techniques: Students will learn about various expressive storytelling techniques used in different cultural traditions.
  2. Practice Cultural Storytelling Techniques: Students will engage in practising storytelling techniques specific to a chosen culture, such as African drumming or Indian Kathakali.
  3. Develop an Understanding of Cultural Expression in Storytelling: Students will gain insights into how different cultures use unique techniques to convey stories and emotions.

Success Criteria

  • Students can identify and describe different expressive storytelling techniques from various cultures.
  • Students successfully narrate a story using a specific cultural technique.
  • Students demonstrate an understanding of the cultural significance and application of these techniques in storytelling.

Teacher Instructions

  1. Preparation:
    • Research and prepare a presentation on expressive storytelling techniques from different cultures, including visual aids or video clips.
    • Gather materials needed for the practice session (e.g., drums, masks, costumes, as appropriate).
    • Organise the classroom for an interactive and engaging session.
  2. Introduction to Expressive Techniques (15 minutes):
    • Present various expressive storytelling techniques from around the world, such as African drumming, Indian Kathakali, Japanese Kabuki, etc.
    • Show video clips or demonstrations to give students a clear idea of how these techniques are used in storytelling.
  3. Demonstration and Exploration (15 minutes):
    • Demonstrate one or two expressive techniques, if feasible.
    • Encourage students to explore and experiment with the techniques demonstrated.
  4. Practice Session – Story Narration (15 minutes):
    • Divide the class into small groups.
    • Assign or allow groups to choose a story and a specific cultural technique to narrate it.
    • Provide time for groups to practice narrating their story using the chosen technique.
  5. Group Performances and Feedback (10 minutes):
    • Invite each group to perform their story using the expressive technique they practised.
    • Facilitate a feedback session where students reflect on each other’s performances, focusing on the use of the cultural technique.
  6. Reflection and Closure (5 minutes):
    • Lead a discussion on what students learned about expressive techniques in cultural storytelling.
    • Preview the next lesson which will delve into incorporating dialogue in cultural stories.

Student Activities

  1. Engaging in the Presentation:
    • Actively participate in the presentation on expressive storytelling techniques.
    • Take notes on different techniques and their cultural significance.
  2. Exploration of Techniques:
    • Experiment with the demonstrated techniques, such as trying out drumming rhythms or mimicking dance movements.
    • Discuss initial impressions and thoughts about these techniques with peers.
  3. Story Narration Preparation:
    • In groups, choose a cultural story and an expressive technique to narrate it.
    • Develop a plan on how to incorporate the chosen technique into the storytelling process.
  4. Practising Storytelling:
    • Practice narrating the story using the chosen technique, focusing on how it enhances the storytelling experience.
    • Collaborate with group members to refine the performance, ensuring cultural aspects are respectfully and accurately portrayed.
  5. Performing and Providing Feedback:
    • Perform the narrated story in front of the class.
    • Engage in constructive feedback sessions, focusing on the effectiveness and cultural authenticity of the expressive techniques used.
  6. Reflective Participation:
    • Reflect on the experience of using a cultural storytelling technique.
    • Think about how these techniques enrich the storytelling experience and convey cultural values.

Examples of Expressive Storytelling Techniques in Different Cultures

  1. Indian Kathakali: A classical dance-drama from Kerala, India, known for its elaborate costumes, intricate makeup, and detailed gestures. Performers use mime and dance to tell stories, mostly from Hindu epics and Puranas.
  2. Indigenous Australian Storytelling: Oral storytelling is central in Aboriginal Australian culture. These stories often relate to the Dreamtime, the era in which the world was created. They are sometimes accompanied by music, dance, or symbolic art like rock paintings.
  3. African Drumming and Storytelling: In many African cultures, storytelling is closely linked with music and rhythm. Drumming often accompanies stories, with different beats and rhythms used to underscore the narrative. Storytellers, or griots, are respected keepers of oral traditions and history.
  4. Japanese Noh Theatre: This is a traditional form of Japanese theatre that combines elements of dance, drama, music, and poetry. It is known for its subdued and highly stylized performances, with stories often drawn from literature, history, or mythology.
  5. Hula in Hawaiian Culture: Hula is a traditional Hawaiian dance form that is often used for storytelling. It combines dance and chanting or song to tell stories of Hawaiian history, mythology, and culture.
  6. Māori Haka: The Haka, a traditional Māori war dance, is a powerful form of expression used in various ceremonies and celebrations. It incorporates vigorous movements and rhythmic chanting, and is often used to tell stories of ancestral war exploits and other historical events.
  7. Irish Sean-nós Song: This is an unaccompanied, highly ornamented style of traditional Irish singing. It often involves narrative ballads that tell stories of history, legends, and the trials and tribulations of everyday life.
  8. Balinese Gamelan and Dance: In Bali, Indonesia, music and dance are integral to storytelling. The gamelan orchestra provides a complex musical backdrop to dance dramas that depict Hindu epics and traditional tales.
  9. Chinese Peking Opera: This traditional Chinese theatre form combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance, and acrobatics. It often tells stories of historical or mythological characters, with performers wearing elaborate costumes and makeup.
  10. Mongolian Khöömei (Throat Singing): Though primarily a musical form, Mongolian throat singing is sometimes used to tell stories or to mimic and interact with the natural world, adding a unique dimension to the narrative.
  11. Middle Eastern Hakawati (Storytelling): In this tradition, a storyteller or ‘hakawati’ regales an audience with tales, often in a coffeehouse or public square, using a rich oral narrative style that may include proverbs, jokes, and moral lessons.
  12. Korean Pansori: This is a Korean musical storytelling genre performed by a vocalist and a drummer. The singer uses a wide range of vocal techniques and facial expressions to narrate epic tales.
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